Researchers find Aspergillus as interesting target for discovery of novel drugs

The fungus Aspergillus fumigatus produces a group of previously unknown natural products. With reference to plant isoquinoline alkaloids, these substances have been named fumisoquins. Researchers from Jena (Germany) discovered the novel substances together with their American colleagues while studying the fungal genome. The family of isoquinoline alkaloids contains many pharmacologically active molecules. This study, which has just been published in Nature Chemical Biology, shows that fungi and plants developed biosynthetic pathways for these complex molecules independently of each other. These findings make Aspergillus an interesting target for the discovery of novel drugs and their biotechnological production.

A large number of drugs used today originate from nature. Most of these molecules, which can be found with or without synthetic modifications and exert their beneficial effect on human health, are derived from microorganisms or plants. Thus, it is of great interest to discover novel active compounds in nature and use them for the treatment of diseases.

One well-known group of plant metabolites are the isoquinoline alkaloids. Today more than 2,500 different types are known and they are mainly found in poppy and barberry plants. Famous examples include the painkiller morphine or the cough remedy codein.

Together with colleagues from the US, scientists in the labs of Dirk Hoffmeister and Axel Brakhage at the Friedrich Schiller University in Jena found out that fungi synthesize certain natural products in a very similar way to plants. They analyzed the genome of the common mold Aspergillus and discovered a small cluster of genes whose function was previously unknown. Comparing these genetic sequences with known data implied that they might be responsible for the synthesis of novel natural products.

By manipulating the genetic sequences, characterizing the resulting metabolites and using radioactive labeling experiments it was possible to elucidate the structure of the novel molecules and to unravel the detailed biosynthetic pathways. The researchers discovered a new linkage mechanism for carbon atoms which had never been seen before in fungi. The whole fumisoquin biosynthetic pathway appears to be a combination of plant biosynthetic principles and the non-ribosomal peptide synthetases commonly found in fungi.

Axel Brakhage, university professor and head of the Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, explains: "Fungi and plants diverged early on during evolution. The newly discovered fumisoquin synthesis pathway shows that there was a parallel development for the production of isoquinoline alkaloid compounds in both groups of organisms. This opens up new roads for combinatorial biotechnology in order to advance the search for novel active compounds and thus to develop urgently needed new drugs."

Pre-treatment with antihistamines may suppress gastrointestinal symptoms of food allergy

Simultaneous pre-treatment with antihistamines that block both the H1 and H4 antihistamine receptors suppressed the gastrointestinal symptoms of food allergy in mice, according to researchers at National Jewish Health. The findings, published online in the journal Allergy, provide new insight into the development of food allergy and suggest potential therapies for prevention and treatment of food allergy.

Although recent findings have suggested that early exposure to peanuts can help prevent peanut allergy, the only effective therapy currently available for existing cases remains avoidance.

Histamine is a key participant in most allergic diseases including asthma, hay fever, and food allergy. When released by basophils or mast cells it can trigger a variety of symptoms, including inflammation, itchiness and mucus production. There are four histamine receptors found on a wide variety of cells in the body. Most commercially available antihistamines block only the H1 antihistamine receptor.

Meiquin Wang, MD, PhD, Erwin Gelfand, MD, and their colleagues at National Jewish Health pretreated mice sensitized to peanut with the H1 receptor antagonist loratadine (Claritin), and the experimental H4 receptor antagonist JNJ7777120, separately and in combination.

Separately, the two antihistamines had some effect on the intestinal response of the sensitized mice to peanut. When mice were pre-treated with both antihistamines together, diarrhea, intestinal inflammation and other symptoms were almost completely blocked. In vitro experiments indicated that the antihistamines work by suppressing the accumulation and function of dendritic cells, which take up peanut protein and present it to T cells of the immune system.

Aliskiren fails to show benefit for heart failure patients with diabetes

In continuation of my update on Aliskiren   and  Enalapril

 Enalapril  Aliskiren

A subgroup analysis in heart failure patients with diabetes from the ATMOSPHERE trial has failed to show benefit and signals the end of the road for aliskiren in heart failure. The findings were presented for the first time today in a late breaking trial session at Heart Failure 2016 and the 3rd World Congress on Acute Heart Failure.

"This was a subgroup analysis with the inherent limitations of this type of study. It failed to show superiority or non-inferiority of aliskiren over the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor enalapril in heart failure patients with diabetes," said principal investigator Professor Lars Kober, a consultant cardiologist at Rigshospitalet - Copenhagen University Hospital in Copenhagen, Denmark.

He continued: "The result may have been positive had the European Medicines Agency (EMA) not asked us to withdraw patients with diabetes from the trial. We will never know, as the angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitor LCZ696 has since emerged and bypassed the need for aliskiren."

Aliskiren is a renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitor that is used in patients with hypertension. The Aliskiren Trial of Minimizing OutcomeS for Patients with HEart failure (ATMOSPHERE) included 7016 patients with heart failure and reduced left ventricular ejection fraction, of whom 2340 were randomly assigned to enalapril plus aliskiren, 2340 to aliskiren, and 2316 to enalapril. Of these, 1944 (27.7%) had diabetes and 5072 (72.3%) were non-diabetics. The main study results were published in April and showed that aliskiren was not superior or non-inferior to standard treatment with an ACE inhibitor.

Following the results of two separate trials, the EMA requested the withdrawal of all patients with diabetes from ATMOSPHERE. The Aliskiren Trial in Type 2 Diabetes Using Cardiorenal Endpoints (ALTITUDE) had been stopped after patients with diabetes and a high risk of cardiovascular events were found to have an excess risk of cardiovascular and renal events with aliskiren. The Aliskiren Trial on Acute Heart Failure Outcomes (ASTRONAUT) had found a tendency towards harm in patients with diabetes.

The current study is a prespecified subgroup analysis of ATMOSPHERE according to baseline diabetes status. Due to the premature withdrawal of patients with diabetes from the study drug, median follow-up was shorter in those with diabetes than those without (24.1 months versus 46.0 months; p<0.0001).

The investigators found that the effect of aliskiren on the primary endpoint of cardiovascular death or hospitalisation for heart failure did not significantly differ by baseline diabetes status. In those with diabetes, the primary endpoint occurred in 196 (29.5%) patients in the combination group, compared to 216 (33.1%) in the enalapril group (hazard ratio [HR] 0.86; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.71-1.04; p=0.13), and in 172 (27.4%) patients in the aliskiren group (HR 0.82; 95% CI 0.67-1.00; p=0.053 compared with enalapril).

Regarding the safety of aliskiren in patients with diabetes, compared with enalapril it was associated with a lower risk of symptomatic hypotension (6.7% versus 10.0%; p=0.04). Other adverse events were evenly distributed.

Professor Kober said: "Aliskiren monotherapy looked promising in heart failure patients with diabetes, with an 18% almost significant reduction in cardiovascular death or heart failure hospitalisation compared to enalapril. There was a lower rate of symptomatic hypotension and no increase in other adverse events. This suggests that aliskiren could be an alternative for patients who cannot tolerate an ACE inhibitor."

Combination therapy with aliskiren and enalapril was associated with more adverse events compared with enalapril alone. As the two drugs together did not produce a better outcome, the trial does not support the combination of an ACE inhibitor and aliskiren.

Professor Kober said: "We did a rigorous trial which should have shown that aliskiren is as good as an ACE inhibitor. The drug was never given the chance to demonstrate how good it is because of regulatory interference. That will never be tested now. This could have been a major problem for patients if the neprilysin inhibitor had not emerged."

Antimicrobial agent triclosan can rapidly disrupt gut bacterial communities

In continuation of my update on triclosan

A new study suggests that triclosan, an antimicrobial and antifungal agent found in many consumer products ranging from hand soaps to toys and even toothpaste, can rapidly disrupt bacterial communities found in the gut.

The research was published today [May 18] in PLOS ONE by scientists from Oregon State University. It was based on findings made with zebrafish, which researchers believe are an important animal model to help determine possible human biological and health impacts of this antimicrobial compound.

Triclosan was first used as a hospital scrub in the 1970s and now is one of the most common antimicrobial agents in the world, found in shampoos, deodorants, toothpastes, mouth washes, kitchen utensils, cutting boards, toys, bedding, socks and trash bags. It continues to be used in medical settings, and can be easily absorbed through the skin.

"There has been a legacy of concern about exposure to microbial pathogens, which has led to increased use of these antimicrobial products," said Thomas Sharpton, an assistant professor of microbiology and statistics in the OSU Colleges of Science and Agricultural Sciences, and corresponding author on the new study.

"However, there's now a growing awareness of the importance of the bacteria in our gut microbiome for human health, and the overuse of antibiotics that can lead to the rise of 'superbugs.' There are consequences to constantly trying to kill the bacteria in the world around us, aspects we're just beginning to understand."

In the new study, researchers found that triclosan exposure caused rapid changes in both the diversity and composition of the microbiome in the laboratory animals. It's not clear what the implication may be for animal or human health, but scientists believe that compromising of the bacteria in the intestinal tract may contribute to the development or severity of disease.

 triclosan

Some bacteria were more susceptible to the impact of triclosan than others, such as the family Enterobacteriaceae; and others were more resilient, such as the genus Pseudomonas.

"Clearly there may be situations where antibacterial agents are needed," said Christopher Gaulke, lead author on the study and a postdoctoral microbiology researcher in the OSU College of Science.

"However, scientists now have evidence that intestinal bacteria may have metabolic, cardiovascular, autoimmune and neurological impacts, and concerns about overuse of these agents are valid. Cumulative impacts are also possible. We need to do significantly more evaluation of their effects, some of which might be dramatic and long lasting."

The gut-associated microbiome performs vital functions for human health, prevents colonization with pathogens, stimulates the development of the immune system, and produces micronutrients needed by the host. Dysfunction of this microbiome has been associated with human disease, including diabetes, heart disease, arthritis and malnutrition, the scientists pointed out in their study.

Humans are routinely exposed to an array of chemicals, metals, preservatives, microbes and nutrients, some of which may be beneficial, some innocuous, and others harmful, the researchers said. Part of the strength of the present study is developing improved ways, through rapid screening of zebrafish, to more easily determine which compounds may be acceptable and which are toxic, scientists say.

Triclosan has been a concern in part because it is so widely used, and it's also readily absorbed through the skin and gastrointestinal tracts, showing up in urine, feces and breast milk. It also has been associated with endocrine disruption in fish and rats, may act as a liver tumor promoter, and can alter inflammatory responses.

This study showed it was quickly associated with shifts in the microbial community structure and can alter the abundance of specific taxa.

Benefits of consuming dried fruits and nuts

A 2015 study observed that tree nut intake was associated with a decrease in total cholesterol, LDL, "bad", cholesterol and triglycerides. It also asserted that nut consumption in general, rather than just a specific type, was the major reason for the decrease.

Weight Control

Nuts not only offer nutritional benefits, but may help to control body weight. This is important as obesity rates continue to rise across developed nations. While nuts have a high energy content, several studies found that frequent nut consumption was not associated with a higher body mass index. In fact, long-term nut consumption is associated with lower weight gain and overweight/obesity.

Type 2 Diabetes

Some studies have investigated the effect of nut consumption on diabetes risk. A 2011 PREDIMED study observed a 52% reduction in diabetes incidence in two experimental groups supplemented with olive oil or 30 g (1 oz) of nuts (a mix of walnuts, almonds and hazelnuts) per day, compared with the control group.

Research suggests that dried fruit consumption is also good for people who have diabetes. A 2015 study observed that consuming raisins as an alternative to processed snacks resulted in a 23% reduction in postprandial glucose levels.

Gastrointestinal Function

Dried fruits are well-known sources of dietary fiber, which has a direct effect on gastrointestinal function. In 2013, prunes were granted a specific EU health claim for their contribution to digestive health. Eating 100 g of prunes (3.5 oz, 8-12 pieces) daily promotes good digestive health and provides more than 19% of the daily recommended intake of fiber.

Osteoporosis

Among nutritional factors, recent observations suggest that prunes may be helpful in both preventing and reversing bone loss. A 2011 study suggests that prunes may improve the bone mineral density in postmenopausal women.

Phase I study of triple drug combination shows promise in multiple myeloma patients

In continuation of my updates on Dexamethasone,  Plitidepsin and  Bortezomib 

Dexamethasone    Plitidepsin

 Bortezomib 

PharmaMar (MSE:PHM) announces the positive results from a Phase I study of plitidepsin in combination with bortezomib and dexamethasone in patients with relapsed and/or refractory multiple myeloma. Dr María Victoria Mateos, MD of the Hematological Department of the University Hospital of Salamanca, Spain, the principal investigator of the study, will present the results in an oral session on June 3rd, 2016 during the 52nd Congress of the American Society of the Clinical Oncology (ASCO), taking place in Chicago (USA), June 3 - 7.

The primary objective of this 20-patient study was to identify the recommended dose for the triple combination (dexamethasone / bortezomib / plitidepsin) administered every four weeks. Efficacy and the safety profile were also evaluated. The overall response rate (ORR) was 56%, including very good partial responses (VGPR) in 33% of the patients and a remarkable partial remission in one triple refractory patient. The median progression free survival (PFS) was 8.3 months. Additionally, 90% of the patients showed a DOR of 6 months or more and clinical benefit was observed in 72% of the patients.

Dose limiting toxicities were not seen in any of the evaluated patients; therefore, the full dose of plitidepsin and bortezomib when used alone were established as the recommended dose for the triple combination. The treatment was well tolerated. The hematological toxicity was manageable and the non-hematological toxicity was in general mild, with the exception of one case of creatinine increase.

Out of the 20 patients that participated in the study, 10 are still under the treatment. The median age was 65. All patients had relapsed after previously receiving, on average, 3.5 therapeutic regimens (range 1-10). Forty-five percent of these patients had been subject to a hematopoietic stem cell transplant (8 autologous, 1 allogeneic). Of the 18 patients evaluable for efficacy, 83% (15 patients) had previously received bortezomib and lenalidomide. One was refractory to bortezomib and seven to lenalidomide.

In abstract #8006, Dr María Victoria Mateos and her team explain that despite the recent progress in the treatment of multiple myeloma due to the introduction of proteasome inhibitors (PIs), the new immunomodulatory drugs (IMIDs), and monoclonal antibodies, the illness is still incurable. Therefore, active compounds with novel mechanisms of action and adequate safety profile are needed. Plitidepsin targets the eukaryotic Elongation Factor eEF1A2, an overexpressed protein in multiple myeloma that contributes to its pathogenesis. The positive results from this study will be added to the already extensive data package from Phase II and Phase III trials, where plitidepsin has shown activity and a favorable safety profile in combination with dexamethasone.

DECT trial shows combination of epirubicin and trastuzumab improves outcomes in breast cancer patients

In continuation of my update on epirubicin 

The study entitled "A phase II neoadjuvant sequential regimen of docetaxel followed by high-dose epirubicin in combination with cyclophosphamide administered concurrently with trastuzumab. The DECT trial" has recently appeared in the Journal of Cell Physiology, an international, per-reviewed journal focused on cancer-related issues. The authors belong to a multidisciplinary Italian-American team with a long and productive history of collaboration with Prof. Antonio Giordano, Director of the Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research of Philadelphia, Temple University Pennsylvania, USA and the Department of Medicine Surgery and Neuroscience at University of Siena.

 epirubicin

"The use of trastuzumab, a monoclonal antibody targeting the HER2 receptor, has dramatically improved the prognosis of the subgroup of breast cancer patients whose tumors overexpress this specific receptor. One of the greatest challenges in these patients has been combining trastuzumab with extremely effective drugs such as anthracyclines at the cost of an acceptable toxicity. Initial evidence seemed to discourage this approach due to the high-rate of cardiotoxicity, i.e., 27%, reported in the pivotal phase III trial of metastatic breast cancer from Slamon and colleagues. Subsequent studies have partly downsized these results. Yet, several doubts have remained concerning the combined use of these drugs. The DECT trial was design to further address this key question. We also used the data from this randomized trial to interpret treatment efficacy in light of hormonal and metabolic determinants, including the expression of estrogen and progesterone receptors and body mass index," says Prof. Antonio Giordano.

"We enrolled 45 HER2-positive breast cancer patients with locally advanced or operable HER2-positive disease to test the efficacy and toxicity of epirubicin combined with trastuzumab. We observed an exceptionally high rate of responses, particularly in the subgroup of patients with inflammatory disease, and no relevant toxicity, including cardiotoxicity. In addition, some specific disease-and patient-related features were associated with better outcomes. More specifically, the highest chances of optimal response were associated with the lack of hormone receptors and higher BMI," says Dr. Maddalena Barba, researcher at the Regina Elena National Cancer Institute of Rome.

"Although current guidelines discourage from the concurrent use of trastuzumab and anthracyclines in HER2-positive breast cancer, we challenged once more the available evidence by administering a less cardiotoxic anthracycline, i.e., epirubicin at a high dose. The results obtained were remarkable in terms of efficacy and absolutely encouraging in terms of toxicity. In addition, our finding on BMI may deserve further investigation in future studies of HER2-positive breast cancer. The goal we pursue is to define the HER2-positive patient profile which better matches with the highest efficacy at the price of an absolutely acceptable toxicity, including cardiotoxicity," clarifies and concludes Prof. Giordano, a renowned expert in breast cancer.

Investigational drug abemaciclib shows durable clinical activity for variety of cancer types

In continuation of my  updates on palbociclib (Ibrance)  and letrozole

Bottom Line: The investigational anticancer therapeutic abemaciclib, which targets CDK4 and CDK6, showed durable clinical activity when given as continuous single-agent therapy to patients with a variety of cancer types, including breast cancer, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), glioblastoma, and melanoma, according to results from a phase I clinical trial.

Journal in Which the Study was Published: Cancer Discovery, a journal of the American Association for Cancer Research.

Senior authors: Amita Patnaik, MD, associate director of clinical research at South Texas Accelerated Research Therapeutics in San Antonio, Texas, and Geoffrey I. Shapiro, MD, PhD, director of the Early Drug Development Center at the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute in Boston.

Background: In February 2015, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the CDK4/6 inhibitor palbociclib (Ibrance) for use in combination with the aromatase inhibitor letrozole for treating postmenopausal women with estrogen receptor-positive, HER2-negative advanced breast cancer.

  letrozole  palbociclib

The oral CDK4/6 inhibitor abemaciclib is a very different molecule from palbociclib, with distinct attributes that contribute to its discrete therapeutic effects, in particular, its single-agent activity, according to Shapiro. For example, abemaciclib has greater selectivity for CDK4 compared with palbociclib, which may explain why it does not affect white blood cell counts as severely, allowing it to be taken on a continuous schedule without treatment holidays, he said. Abemaciclib also penetrates the central nervous system, whereas palbociclib does not, raising the possibility that it could be used to treat primary or metastatic brain tumors, he added.

 abemaciclib

How the Study Was Conducted and Results: Patnaik, Shapiro, and colleagues enrolled 225 patients with a variety of types of advanced cancer in the phase I clinical trial designed to evaluate the safety and preliminary efficacy of abemaciclib. In the dose escalation phase, the researchers determined that the maximum tolerated dose was 200 milligrams (mg) every 12 hours; the dose-limiting toxicity was grade 3 fatigue.

In the expansion phase, single-agent abemaciclib was administered to 47 patients with breast cancer, 68 with NSCLC, 17 with glioblastoma, 26 with melanoma, and 15 with colorectal cancer. Among these patients, the most common treatment-related adverse events were fatigue, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, weight loss, kidney dysfunction, and decreased red and white blood cell counts.

Radiographic responses were observed for some patients with breast cancer, NSCLC, and melanoma. Among the 36 patients with hormone receptor-positive breast cancer, 11 had a partial response, with four of the 11 responders having continued prior endocrine therapy, and an additional 18 patients had stable disease. Among the 68 patients with NSCLC, two had a partial response and 31 had stable disease; one patient who had a partial response and 12 who had stable disease were known to have KRAS-mutant NSCLC. Among the 26 patients with melanoma, one had a partial response and six had stable disease. Three of the 17 patients with glioblastoma had stable disease, with two of them continuing to receive treatment without disease progression for 19 and 23 cycles, respectively.

Author Comment: "These data show that abemaciclib is an oral drug that can be taken on a continuous schedule and achieve durable clinical activity against multiple tumors including breast and lung cancers," said Shapiro.

"The results of the trial supported the FDA decision to grant breakthrough therapy designation to abemaciclib (previously known as LY2835219) for patients with refractory hormone receptor-positive advanced or metastatic breast cancer," added Patnaik.

Limitations: Patnaik explained that because this study included 225 patients with different types of cancer, confirmatory clinical trials in specific patient populations are necessary to precisely define the role of abemaciclib in cancer care. Multiple clinical trials have already been initiated to evaluate abemaciclib as a treatment for certain groups of patients with breast cancer and NSCLC, as well as children with primary brain tumors and adults with brain metastases, she noted.

Maternal pregabalin exposure linked to major birth defect risk

 

In continuation of my update on Pregabalin 

First trimester exposure to pregabalin may be associated with an increased risk of major birth defects (MBDs), an observational study suggests.

The data from eight Teratology Information Services in seven countries on 164 exposed pregnancies showed that the risk of MBDs was increased a significant threefold compared with 656 unexposed pregnancies.

After limiting the findings to just first trimester exposure and excluding chromosomal aberration syndromes, the rate of major congenitalmal formations was 6.0% among 116 infants exposed to pregabalin as neonates versus 2.1% among 580 unexposed infants. These included four chromosomal and eight structural anomalies affecting the central nervous system (CNS), or the skeletal, cardiac, and skin or vascular systems.

"Our results raise a signal for a possible increase in the rate of MBD after pregabalin treatment during the first trimester of pregnancy", say researcher Ursula Winterfield (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire
Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland) and colleagues.

The rate of CNS malformations alone was also significantly higher following pregabalin exposure, increased sixfold, at 3.2% compared with  0.5%.

The researchers note that in all four cases of CNS malformations, the mother had been concurrently taking other substances during pregnancy  in addition to pregabalin and genetic causes have not been ruled out,  but they add: "[G]iven that pregabalin is a centrally acting agent, the possibility that these findings may signal a teratogenic effect in humans needs to be considered."

Other secondary outcomes included rates of live births, spontaneous abortions, preterm deliveries and delivery gestational age and birth weight. Of these, only the rate of live births was lower in the pregabalin-exposed group and this was primarily due to a higher rate of elective and medically indicated pregnancy terminations, suggestive of unplanned pregnancies.

Women were mainly taking pregabalin to treat neuropathic pain, but other indications included psychiatric disorders, epilepsy and restless leg syndrome.

The average daily dose of pregabalin was 150 mg; 77% of women started treatment before becoming pregnant and discontinued at a median  gestational age of 6 weeks. However, more than half of the patients continued treatment beyond this point and 33% beyond 7 weeks. First trimester pregabalin exposure occurred in 96% of patients.

Winterfield and colleagues acknowledge in Neurology that the small sample size and differences across groups in maternal conditions and exposure to concomitant medication mean definitive conclusions cannot be drawn from their findings.

But despite these limitations, Page Pennell (Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA) and Kimford Meador (Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA) say in a related editorial that "this study reflects the prescribing pattern for pregabalin".

They recommend: "Each woman receiving a prescription for a neuropsychiatric indication should receive counselling about the potential risk-benefit ratio for her individually, effective birth control until pregnancy is desired, and increased monitoring during pregnancy and for her child through early neurodevelopment."

Ref : http://www.neurology.org/content/early/2016/05/18/WNL.0000000000002780

Flavopiridol drug could be effective strategy to impair brain cancer growth

Glioblastoma, the most common form of brain cancer is a deadly disease for which at present there is no cure. Now, researchers have
published research results that show how re   purposing the  old drug
flavopiridol could be an effective strategy to cut short sugar availability and impair cancer growth.

One of the most remarkable feature of glioblastoma cells is their ability to reprogram their metabolism switching towards a glycolytic energetic metabolism, which relies on high glucose uptake and consumption to sustain the cancer cell's malignant activities. However, because flavopiridol, a synthetic flavonoid already used in the past against cancer, inactivates the enzyme glycogen phosphorylase, this metabolic switching could be used as a therapeutic target. The authors set out to test whether flavopiridol could be used to restrain glioblastoma cell growth by decreasing the availability of glucose as substrate for the glycolytic process, cutting off the tumor's energy supply.

The results, published on the Journal of Cellular Physiology, comes from the Sbarro Health Research Organization (SHRO), at the Center for Biotechnology, Temple University and the University of L'Aquila and Siena in Italy.

The ability of Flavopiridol to reduce glycolisys in glioblastoma cells and inhibit their proliferation is a significant step toward deriving new treatments for what is currently an incurable form of cancer. According to Annamaria Cimini of the University of L'Aquila, lead author of the study, "This points toward a possible new use of this compound or flavopiridol-derived formulations in combination with
anti-proliferative agents in glioblastoma patients."

"The design of new flavopiridol-based formulations, aimed at starving cancer cells cutting short the sugar they're addicted to, may open up new therapeutic avenues for patients with glioblastoma," says Antonio Giordano, founder and director of the Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine and Center for Biotechnology at Temple University in Philadelphia, PA USA in collaboration with the Department of Medicine, Surgery & Neuroscience at the University of Siena, and University of L' Aquila Italy.

 Ref : https://shrodotorg.wordpress.com/2016/05/20/old-drug-could-fight-brain-cancer-by-starving-it-to-death/

Cardioprotective effect proposed for metformin

In continuation of my update on metformin

 

A large retrospective analysis suggests that metformin could be cardioprotective in insulin-dependent patients with Type 2 diabetes.

The findings, based on data from the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink, found a reduced risk of major adverse cardiac events (MACE) and all-cause mortality among patients taking the drug.

To minimise the effects of confounding by indication, Craig Currie (Cardiff University, UK) and co-workers analysed only patients who had been started on insulin, with metformin started simultaneously or added later.

None of the 12,020 patients analysed had prior MACE or cancer at baseline. During an average 3.5 years of follow-up, the MACE rate among the 5536 patients taking insulin plus metformin was 15.9 per 1000 person-years, compared 26.3 with per 1000 person-years among the 6484 patients taking insulin monotherapy. The all-cause mortality rate was also lower, at 21.2 versus 61.3 deaths per 1000 person-years.

After accounting for multiple confounders, including cumulative insulin exposure, patients given metformin had a significant 25% reduced risk of MACE and a 40% reduced risk of mortality, the team reports in  PLoS ONE

Among patients matched for the propensity to be prescribed metformin, outcome rates were 14.9 versus 22.2 per 1000 person-years for MACE and 23.1 versus 44.4 per 1000 person-years for mortality. The mortality difference persisted after accounting for confounders, at a 30% reduction, although the difference in MACE became nonsignificant.

The team found no association between cancer risk and metformin treatment, despite previous suggestions that it may have a protective effect.

Currie et al note that the various contraindications and cautions for metformin treatment, such as tissue hypoxia and renal impairment, mean that "the population of people receiving insulin in combination with metformin may be healthier than the monotherapy group."

Given this, and other drawbacks of a retrospective study, they conclude that more research is needed "to determine the risks and benefits of insulin in type 2 diabetes and the possible benefits associated with the administration of concomitant metformin."

 Ref : http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0153594

New drug that combines methicillin with polymer BPEI can combat MRSA

A University of Oklahoma team of chemists has developed a new antibiotic formulation to fight the sometimes deadly staph infection  caused by methicillin-resistant  S. aureus or MRSA and other antibiotic-resistant infectious bacteria. The new drug to treat MRSA combines traditional Food and Drug Administration-approved antibiotics, such as methicillin, with the polymer BPEI.

Charles Rice, principal investigator and professor in the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, OU College of Arts and Sciences, with team members Robert Cichewicz and Daniel Glatzhofer, both OU chemistry professors, has been able to invigorate older drugs from the penicillin family by combining them with BPEI. While this new formulation requires FDA approval, the approach restores efficacy to obsolete antibiotics.

"The use of first-line antibiotics to kill MRSA or other infectious bacteria will improve patient outcomes and lower the economic burden,"  Rice said. "The discovery in our laboratory has made it possible to create an effective antibiotic that can reduce expensive hospitalization costs."

Leading up to the discovery, Rice was working in his laboratory when he discovered a way to neutralize the MRSA bacteria so that it is no longer resistant to methicillin. This method can be used to neutralize other infectious bacteria. The takeaway from these experiments is that any number of penicillin-type drugs combined with BPEI or related polymers could create a new first-line drug for treating infectious diseases and change how MRSA and other infectious bacteria are treated.

The Centers for Disease Control considers MRSA a serious threat to human health. MRSA infected 80,500 people in 2011 and nearly one in seven cases resulted in death. When MRSA colonies invade host tissue, they release toxins that cause tissue injury leading to patient morbidity. Until now, more costly and highly toxic antibiotics of last resort were used to treat MRSA. The new first-line combo drug developed at OU by Rice and his team has the potential to change how patients with MRSA are treated.

Ref : https://ou.edu/content/publicaffairs/archives/OUTeamDevelopsNewAntibioticFormulationtoFightMRSAandOtherAntibioticResistantBacteria.html

Understanding potential of illicit drug ketamine in treating depression

In continuation of my update on Ketamine 

Advancing the understanding and treatment of psychiatric disorders is
a principal goal of neuroscientists. As mental disorders are the
leading cause of disabilities worldwide, it is concerning that there are
few effective therapeutics on the market due to the lack of knowledge
regarding pathophysiology. In particular, the main treatment for major
depressive disorders are antidepressants, which target the monoaminergic
system and include selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).
However, these drugs take six weeks on average before symptom relief and
many individuals are unaffected by them.

Ketamine, a synthetic analogue of PCP, has recently taken the
spotlight as a novel, fast-acting antidepressant. The benefits of
ketamine include a one-time, low-dose IV infusion, where symptoms are
alleviated within hours and which lasts for up to two weeks in patients
with depression. Even more compelling is that this regimen affects
patients with treatment-resistant depression, meaning those who do not
respond to current antidepressants. These effects are especially
important in helping individuals with depression who may be experiencing
suicidal ideation because of ketamine's fast-acting nature and it is
the only treatment effective for treatment resistant patients.

However, there are many downsides to the use of ketamine as an
antidepressant, especially with long-term or repeated use. For example,
ketamine is an illicit drug with high abuse potential, commonly known as
the party drug "Special K." Therefore, close clinical monitoring of the
use of this drug is necessary. In regards to neuroscience research in
the past decade, it has been demonstrated that chronic, low-dose
ketamine has been used to study learning and memory deficits in a rodent
model of schizophrenia. The biochemical data from these animals reveal a
change in a specific type of neuron in the brain that is important for
network activity underlying normal cognitive functioning. This begs the
question: Can ketamine work as an antidepressant without producing
cognitive deficits associated long-term use?

In order to address this question, we need to understand the molecular
mechanisms that ketamine is utilizing to produce these beneficial
antidepressant effects. Although researchers do not know exactly how
ketamine works, we know that it is in a different way than current
antidepressants on the market. There is no clear answer yet, but researchers have produced some promising results. Using ketamine to
deepen our understanding of depression will advance the field of neuroscience and ultimately lead to a more effective treatment for the  disorder.

Early aspirin benefits after minor stroke 'underestimated'

In continuation of my updates on aspirin

A meta-analysis of individual patient data has thrown light on the benefits of aspirin for secondary prevention in patients with ischaemic stroke.

The findings, published in The Lancet,  show  that the effectiveness of aspirin is limited to patients with mild or moderate stroke, but that the benefits for these patients are large, most particularly within the first 2 weeks after stroke.

Across 15,778 patients in 12 randomised trials, those who took aspirin versus placebo after a stroke had a 53% reduction in the risk of recurrent stroke within 12 weeks, with a larger effect during the first
6 weeks than the second 6 weeks, at 58% and 40%, respectively. Besides being less likely to have a recurrent stroke, patients taking aspirin also had less severe strokes when they did occur, report Peter
Rothwell (University of Oxford, UK) and co-authors.

Aspirin conferred risk reductions of 71% for disabling or fatal ischaemic stroke and 64% for fatal stroke during the first 6 weeks. It also conferred a 79% reduced risk of myocardial infarction. These
benefits remained evident up to 12 weeks of follow-up, with the largest benefits observed within the first 2 weeks. 

During the first 2 weeks, the largest risk reductions were seen for disabling or fatal stroke among patients with an initial transient ischaemic attack or minor stroke, with a 93% risk reduction compared
with a 64% reduction for all patients during the same time period. Just three trials randomised their 40,531 participants within 48 hours of the initial stroke. Among these patients, there was a clear effect of initial stroke severity; aspirin roughly halved recurrent stroke risk among patients with mild or moderate stroke, but had no effect for those with severe stroke.

Patients' risk of having a recurrent stroke fell over time, regardless of treatment, but the benefits of aspirin also declined, with no effect seen after 12 weeks. However, patients also given dipyridamole (11,937 in eight trials) saw a benefit after this point, with dipyridamole providing risk reductions of 24% for any stroke and 56% for disabling or fatal stroke, despite having no effect over the first 12 weeks.

In an accompanying commentary, Graeme Hankey             (The University of Western Australia, Perth) says the study results imply that the benefits of early aspirin may have been underestimated and its longer-term effects overestimated.Not only that, but he suggests clinicians have "been unaware of the
benefits of aspirin in reducing the severity of early recurrent ischaemic stroke, and underestimated the effect of dipyridamole in preventing long-term recurrent stroke". He says the findings "have implications for clinical practice", in that they underline the importance of rapid assessment of patients with minor symptoms and prompt administration of aspirin. And from a public health perspective, he suggests that patients with transient symptoms may be encouraged to take aspirin while waiting for medical attention.

 Ref : http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736%2816%2930468-8/abstract

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Early aspirin benefits after minor stroke 'underestimated'