Sunday, February 10, 2013

Messenger RNA–Based Vaccines for Cancer | Articles | Drug Discovery and Development Magazine

Nucleic acids are being extensively investigated for use in gene therapy and in genetic vaccinations in which foreign nucleic acid is translated into proteins by the host cells. Vaccines based on DNA and messenger RNA (mRNA) are able to stimulate all effectors of the adaptive immune response: B lymphocytes, cytotoxic T cells, and T helper cells. This makes them a useful tool in the creation of prophylactic vaccines for infectious diseases and for cancer immunotherapy.

Saturday, February 9, 2013

Phenformin decreases size of lung tumors and increases survival in mice

In continuation of my update on metformin and phenformin
In a new study in the journal Cancer Cell, Shaw and a team of scientists at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies found that phenformin, a derivative of the widely-used diabetes drug metformin, decreased the size of lung tumors in mice and increased the animals' survival. The findings may give hope to the nearly 30 percent of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) whose tumors lack LKB1 (also called STK11).

The LKB1 gene turns on a metabolic enzyme called AMPK when energy levels of ATP, molecules that store the energy we need for just about everything we do, run low in cells. In a previous study, Shaw, an associate professor in Salk's Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory and researcher in the Institute's new Helmsley Center for Genomic Medicine, demonstrated that cells lacking a normal copy of the LKB1 gene fail to activate AMPK in response to low energy levels. LKB1-dependent activation of AMPK serves as a low-energy checkpoint in the cell. Cells that lack LKB1 are unable to sense such metabolic stress and initiate the process to restore their ATP levels following a metabolic change. As a result, these LKB1-mutant cells run out of cellular energy and undergo apoptosis, or programmed cell death, whereas cells with intact LKB1 are alerted to the crisis and re-correct their metabolism.


"The driving idea behind the research is knowing that AMPK serves as a sensor for low energy loss in cells and that LKB1-deficient cells lack the ability to activate AMPK and sense energy loss," says David Shackelford, a postdoctoral researcher at Salk who spearheaded the study in Shaw's lab and is now an assistant professor at UCLA's David Geffen School of Medicine.


That led Shaw and his team to a class of drugs called biguanides, which lower cellular energy levels by attacking the power stations of the cell, called mitochondria. Metformin and phenformin both inhibit mitochondria; however, phenformin is nearly 50 times as potent as metformin. In the study, the researchers tested phenformin as a chemotherapy agent in genetically-engineered mice lacking LKB1 and which had advanced stage lung tumors. After three weeks of treatment, Shaw and his team saw a modest reduction in tumor burden in the mice.

Ref : https://www.cell.com/cancer-cell/abstract/S1535-6108%2812%2900518-1

Friday, February 8, 2013

Can Brightly Colored Fruits, Veggies Protect Against ALS? - Drugs.com MedNews

Researchers from Harvard School of Public Health have,  found that increasing consumption of carotenoids, particularly beta-carotene and lutein, might reduce the risk for this progressive neurological disease, which attacks nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord.


Carrots, yams and mangoes are rich in beta-carotenes, and spinach, collard greens and egg yolks are good sources of lutein. The study found, however, that diets rich in the antioxidants lycopene, beta-cryptoxanthin and vitamin C do not apparently reduce the risk for ALS, which causes the muscles to waste away and eventually results in paralysis.

"ALS is a devastating degenerative disease that generally develops between the ages of 40 and 70, and affects more men than women," senior study author Dr. Alberto Ascherio, a professor of epidemiology and nutrition at Harvard School of Public Health, said in a journal news release. "Understanding the impact of food consumption on ALS development is important."

Analyzing information on more than 1 million people, the researchers identified nearly 1,100 cases of ALS. The researchers found that increased overall carotenoid intake -- especially among those who ate diets rich in beta-carotene and lutein -- seemed to be linked to a lower risk for the devastating condition. 


Those who ate more carotenoids daily also were more likely to exercise, have an advanced degree, have increased vitamin C intake and take vitamin C and E supplements.

The researchers pointed out, however, that long-term vitamin C supplements did not lower people's risk for this degenerative disease.


"Our findings suggest that consuming carotenoid-rich foods may help prevent or delay the onset of ALS," Ascherio concluded. "Further food-based analyses are needed to examine the impact of dietary nutrients on ALS."

 Ref : http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ana.23820/abstract

Thursday, February 7, 2013

Meta-analysis links increased magnesium intake with fasting glucose and insulin reductions...

"Evidence from cross-sectional and longitudinal observational studies suggests that diets higher in magnesium are associated with reduced risk of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, whereas in intervention studies, supplemental magnesium improves measures of glucose and insulin metabolism in generally healthy adults, as well as in those with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes," Adela Hruby and colleagues write. "However, little is known about potential interaction between magnesium intake and genetic variability on glycemic traits, in which genetic variants related to either magnesium transport and homeostasis or glucose and insulin metabolism may modify the pathways through which magnesium exerts its effects."

The researchers analyzed data from up to 52,684 nondiabetic men and women who participated in 15 studies included in the Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology (CHARGE) Consortium. Dietary questionnaire or interview responses, or food diary entries were analyzed for magnesium content from food and beverages. Participants were genotyped for up to 25 single nucleotide polymorphisms related to fasting glucose, insulin or magnesium.  Average magnesium intake ranged from 224.7 milligrams to 479.7 milligrams per day. Reductions in both fasting glucose and fasting insulin were observed in association with increased magnesium. While a nominal association was found between one of the genetic variants examined in this study and fasting glucose and two variants showed nominal interactions with magnesium intake on fasting glucose and fasting insulin, no significant effects for the variations were observed......... 

Ref : http://jn.nutrition.org/content/early/2013/01/22/jn.112.172049.abstract?sid=0219d7a7-cc12-4709-8167-805f0663e750


More..

Wednesday, February 6, 2013

HSS involving resiniferatoxin receives U.S. patent to alleviate intractable pain

We know that, Resiniferatoxin (RTX) is a naturally occurring, ultrapotent capsaicin analog that activates the vanilloid receptor in a subpopulation of primary afferent sensory neurons involved in nociception (the transmission of physiological pain). RTX causes an ion channel in the plasma membrane of sensory neurons — the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 — to become permeable to cations, most particularly the calcium cation; this evokes a powerful irritant effect followed by desensitization and analgesia. Research is being conducted at the National Institutes of Health and the University of Pennsylvania to design a novel class of analgesics from the latex of resin spurge (Euphorbia resinifera), a cactus-like plant commonly found in Morocco that contains high concentrations of RTX. Resiniferatoxin has a rating of 16,000,000,000 on the Scoville Scale making it one of the highest rated substances known.

Now U. S. Patent and Trademark Office recently issued a patent to the U. S. Department of Health and Human Services involving resiniferatoxin, or RTX, an experimental compound that represents a potential new class of drugs to alleviate the intractable pain that can occur in people with advanced cancer, severe arthritis, and other extremely chronic conditions.

Tuesday, February 5, 2013

Sanofi Canada announces new option for emergency treatment of anaphylaxis

We know that, Epinephrine (also known as adrenaline/adrenalin) is a hormone and a neurotransmitter. Epinephrine has many functions in the body, regulating heart rate, blood vessel and air passage diameters, and metabolic shifts; epinephrine release is a crucial component of the fight-or-flight response of the sympathetic nervous system. In chemical terms, epinephrine is one of a group of monoamines called the catecholamines. It is produced in some neurons of the central nervous system, and in the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla from the amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine.


Now, Sanofi Canada announces a new option for the emergency treatment of anaphylaxis. Allerject™ is the first and only 'talking' epinephrine auto-injector in Canada. 
 

Monday, February 4, 2013

Intravenous iron dextran effective for restless leg syndrome


Intravenous low molecular weight iron dextran appears to provide effective long-lasting treatment for some patients with restless leg syndrome (RLS), even for those with normal serum ferritin levels, research indicates.

The results showed that 68% of 25 patients with RLS showed moderate or complete improvement of all RLS symptoms after treatment according to a Korean-translated version of the International RLS Severity (K-IRLS) scale and the PAM-RL device, which records periodic leg movements.

However, as reported in Sleep Medicine, the researchers saw no correlation between increases in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) ferritin in response to therapy and clinical improvements.

"Although a relatively accessible measure, CSF ferritin is at best a crude measure of CNS [central nervous system] iron status and not necessarily reflective of regionally specific changes in iron status that are assumed to account for the symptom development," say Yong Won Cho, from Keimyung University School of Medicine in Daegu, South Korea, and colleagues.

"In addition, the narrow range of symptom severity in this study may have limited our ability to find any differences between CSF ferritin and subjective measures of the disease."

Intravenous iron dextran effective for restless leg syndrome